程序喵
OkHttp官网地址：http://square.github.io/okhttp/
OkHttp GitHub地址：https://github.com/square/okhttp
引入Jar包
Maven
<dependency> <groupId>com.squareup.okhttp3</groupId> <artifactId>okhttp</artifactId> <version>3.10.0</version> </dependency>
gradle
compile('com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.10.0')简单来说，通过OkHttpClient可以发送一个Http请求，并读取该Http请求的响应，OkHttpClient是一个生产Call的工厂。
此外，受益于一个共享的响应缓存/线程池/复用的连接等因素，绝大多数应用使用一个OkHttpClient实例，便可以满足整个应用的Http请求。
Request：构建请求参数，如url，请求方式，请求参数，header等。
Call：生成一个具体请求实例，相当于将请求封装成了任务；两种方式：
call.execute() 非异步方式，会阻塞线程，等待返回结果。
call.enqueue(Callback) 异步方式。
三种创建实例的方法
// 创建一个默认配置OkHttpClient，可以使用默认的构造函数。 OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); // 通过new OkHttpClient.Builder()方法来一步一步配置一个OkHttpClient实例。 OkHttpClient clientWith30sTimeout = client.Builder() .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .build(); // 如果要求使用现有的实例，可以通过newBuilder()方法来进行构造。 OkHttpClient client = client.newBuilder().build();
简单的GET请求
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
String run(String url) throws IOException {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(url)
.build();
try (Response response = client.newCall(request).execute()) {
return response.body().string();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
GetExample example = new GetExample();
String response = example.run("https://raw.github.com/square/okhttp/master/README.md");
// 打印文件内容
System.out.println(response);
}简单的POST请求
MediaType用于描述Http请求和响应体的内容类型，也就是Content-Type。
定义好数据类型，还要将其变为请求体，最后通过post()方法，随请求一并发出。
public static final MediaType JSON = MediaType.parse("application/json; charset=utf-8");
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
String post(String url, String json) throws IOException {
RequestBody body = RequestBody.create(JSON, json);
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url(url)
.post(body)
.build();
try (Response response = client.newCall(request).execute()) {
return response.body().string();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
PostExample example = new PostExample();
String json = "{\"username\":\"tingfeng\",\"password\":\"tingfeng\"}";
String response = example.post("http://localhost:8080/login", json);
System.out.println(response);
}同步和异步
Synchronous Get（同步Get）
下载一个文件，打印他的响应头，以string形式打印响应体。
响应体的 string() 方法对于小文档来说十分方便、高效。但是如果响应体太大（超过1MB），应避免适应 string()方法 ，因为他会将把整个文档加载到内存中。对于超过1MB的响应body，应使用流的方式来处理body。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();//同步
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
Headers responseHeaders = response.headers();
for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) {
System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i));
}
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
// 耗时大于2秒Asynchronous Get（异步Get，POST请求同理）
在一个工作线程中下载文件，当响应可读时回调Callback接口。读取响应时会阻塞当前线程。OkHttp现阶段不提供异步api来接收响应体。
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();
// 异步，需要设置一个回调接口
client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
Headers headers = response.headers();
for (String name : headers.names()) {
System.out.println(name + ": " + headers.get(name));
}
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}
});
}
// 小于1秒用Gson解析一个JSON响应
Gson 是一个方便JSON和Java对象之间互相转换的API.这里我们用它来解析一个来自GitHub API的JSON响应.
注意: 当解析响应实体时 ResponseBody.charStream() 使用 Content-Type 响应头信息来选择字符编码.如果没有指定字符编码则默认为UTF-8.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
private final Gson gson = new Gson();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class);
for (Map.Entry<String, GistFile> entry : gist.files.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey());
System.out.println(entry.getValue().content);
}
}
static class Gist {
Map<String, GistFile> files;
}
static class GistFile {
String content;
}配置超时时间
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .retryOnConnectionFailure(true); .build();
POST方式提交文件
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
File file = new File("README.md");
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file))
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}Post方式提交表单
使用FormEncodingBuilder来构建和HTML<form>标签相同效果的请求体. 键值对将使用一种HTML兼容形式的URL编码来进行编码.
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder()
.add("search", "Jurassic Park")
.build();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php")
.post(formBody)
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}Post方式提交分块请求，带上传文件
MultipartBody.Builder可以构建复杂的请求体, 与HTML文件上传形式兼容
多块请求体中每块请求都是一个请求体, 可以定义自己的请求头. 这些请求头可以用来描述这块请求, 例如它的Content-Disposition. 如果Content-Length和Content-Type可用的话, 他们会被自动添加到请求头中.
private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "...";
private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png");
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
// Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image
RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder()
.setType(MultipartBody.FORM)
.addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo")
.addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png",
RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png")))
.build();
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID)
.url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image")
.post(requestBody)
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}Post方式提交流
以流的方式POST提交请求体。请求体的内容由流写入产生。这个例子是流直接写入Okio的BufferedSink。你的程序可能会使用OutputStream，你可以使用BufferedSink.outputStream()来获取。
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8");
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() {
@Override
public MediaType contentType() {
return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN;
}
@Override
public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException {
sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n");
sink.writeUtf8("-------\n");
for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) {
sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i)));
}
}
private String factor(int n) {
for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {
int x = n / i;
if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " × " + i;
}
return Integer.toString(n);
}
};
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw")
.post(requestBody)
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
System.out.println(response.body().string());
}重写RequestBody中的几个方法，将本地数据放入到Http协议的请求体中，然后发送到服务端。
HTTP请求头部的设置和读取
HTTP 头的数据结构是 Map<String, List<String>>类型。也就是说，对于每个 HTTP 头，可能有多个值。但是大部分 HTTP 头都只有一个值，只有少部分 HTTP 头允许多个值。至于name的取值说明，可以查看这个请求头大全。
OkHttp的处理方式是：
使用
header(name,value)来设置HTTP头的唯一值，如果请求中已经存在响应的信息那么直接替换掉。使用
addHeader(name,value)来补充新值，如果请求头中已经存在name的name-value，那么还会继续添加，请求头中便会存在多个name相同而value不同的“键值对”。使用
header(name)读取唯一值或多个值的最后一个值使用
headers(name)获取所有值
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
// 设置请求头
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues")
.header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java")
.addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5")
.addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
.build();
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
// 读取响应头
System.out.println("Server: " + response.header("Server"));
System.out.println("Date: " + response.header("Date"));
System.out.println("Vary: " + response.headers("Vary"));
}禁止自动重定向
禁止自动获取重定向内容，我们自己处理重定向
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .followRedirects(false) .followSslRedirects(false) .build();
其他设置
响应缓存
为了缓存响应, 你需要一个你可以读写的缓存目录, 和缓存大小的限制. 这个缓存目录应该是私有的, 不信任的程序应不能读取缓存内容.
一个缓存目录同时拥有多个缓存访问是错误的. 大多数程序只需要调用一次new OkHttp(), 在第一次调用时配置好缓存, 然后其他地方只需要调用这个实例就可以了. 否则两个缓存示例互相干扰, 破坏响应缓存, 而且有可能会导致程序崩溃.
响应缓存使用HTTP头作为配置. 你可以在请求头中添加Cache-Control: max-stale=3600 , OkHttp缓存会支持. 你的服务通过响应头确定响应缓存多长时间, 例如使用Cache-Control: max-age=9600.
private final OkHttpClient client;
public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception {
int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB
Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize);
client = new OkHttpClient();
client.setCache(cache);
}
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt")
.build();
Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1);
String response1Body = response1.body().string();
System.out.println("Response 1 response: " + response1);
System.out.println("Response 1 cache response: " + response1.cacheResponse());
System.out.println("Response 1 network response: " + response1.networkResponse());
Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute();
if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2);
String response2Body = response2.body().string();
System.out.println("Response 2 response: " + response2);
System.out.println("Response 2 cache response: " + response2.cacheResponse());
System.out.println("Response 2 network response: " + response2.networkResponse());
System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body));
}如果需要阻值response使用缓存, 使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK. 如果需要阻值response使用网络, 使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE.
警告: 如果你使用FORCE_CACHE, 但是response要求使用网络, OkHttp将会返回一个504 Unsatisfiable Request响应.
Force a Network Response
有些时候, 比如用户刚刚点击刷新按钮, 这时必须跳过缓存, 直接从服务器抓取数据. 为了强制全面刷新, 我们需要添加no-cache指令:
connection.addRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "no-cache");这样就可以强制每次请求直接发送给源服务器, 而不经过本地缓存版本的校验, 常用于需要确认认证的应用和严格要求使用最新数据的应用.
Force a Cache Response
有时你会想立即显示资源. 这样即使在后台正下载着最新资源, 你的客户端仍然可以先显示原有资源, 毕竟有个东西显示比没有东西显示要好.
如果需要限制让请求优先使用本地缓存资源, 需要增加only-if-cached指令:
try {
connection.addRequestProperty("Cache-Control", "only-if-cached");
InputStream cached = connection.getInputStream();
// the resource was cached! show it
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// the resource was not cached
}
}取消一个Call
使用Call.cancel()可以立即停止掉一个正在执行的call. 如果一个线程正在写请求或者读响应, 将会引发IOException. 当call没有必要的时候, 使用这个api可以节约网络资源. 例如当用户离开一个应用时, 不管同步还是异步的call都可以取消.
你可以通过tags来同时取消多个请求. 当你构建一请求时, 使用RequestBuilder.tag(tag)来分配一个标签, 之后你就可以用OkHttpClient.cancel(tag)来取消所有带有这个tag的call.
private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") //该网址的延迟时间为2秒。
.build();
final long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
final Call call = client.newCall(request);
// 在1秒内取消call
executor.schedule(()->{
System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
call.cancel();
System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
}, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
try {
System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f);
Response response = call.execute();
System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e);
}
}
// 打印
0.01 Executing call.
1.01 Canceling call.
1.01 Canceled call.
1.01 Call failed as expected: java.io.IOException: Canceled每个call的配置
使用OkHttpClient, 所有的HTTP Client配置包括代理设置、超时设置、缓存设置. 当你需要为单个call改变配置的时候, 调用OkHttpClient.newBuilder(). 这个api将会返回一个builder, 这个builder和原始的client共享相同的连接池, 分发器和配置.
下面的例子中，我们让一个请求是500ms的超时、另一个是3000ms的超时。
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
public void run() throws Exception {
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // 该网址延迟1秒。
.build();
try {
// Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
.readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.build();
Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e);
}
try {
// Copy to customize OkHttp for this request.
OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder()
.readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.build();
Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute();
System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response);
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e);
}
}
// 打印
Response 1 failed: java.net.SocketTimeoutException: timeout
Response 2 succeeded: Response{protocol=http/1.1, code=200, message=OK, url=http://httpbin.org/delay/1}未经允许请勿转载：程序喵 » OkHttp3 快速掌握（一）